Macroeconomics-long run effect on budget cutting in the uk Essay

Macroeconomics-long run effect on budget cutting in the uk - Essay Example One of the primary concerns of the governments in UK, both the previous Labour Government and the present government, has been to reduce the public borrowing to sponsor the expenditure of the government (Giudice, Kuenzel and Springbett, 2012). The agenda behind the reduction in the public spending is that it is believed that the economy will grow faster in the medium-term. The simple economics behind the fact is that if business corporations believe that the economy will grow in the medium-term then the confidence in them increases which raises their present level of investment. On the other hand the consumers increase their spending with the belief that the economy will grow in the future. However, the standard component of GDP can be represented as (Mankiw, 2011): This implies that with reducing in spending by the government the total output of the economy falls. However, it is now an established economic convention that the level of output will increase up to a certain point with rise in government spending after which it tends to fall (Lilico, 2012). If the government follows a contractionary fiscal policy, which implies a reduction in spending by the government then the magnitude of impacts of the same is different in case of an open economy and closed economy. A closed economy structure is one that can be described as an economy which involves in no trading activity. A closed economy is assumed to be self-sufficient and all the needs of the consumers are met from inside which eliminates the need of the economy to have any trading relations with the outside world. An open economy on the other hand is the one which has sufficient treading relations with the other countries in the world and there are no barriers to the development of the free market forces. An ideal open economy is the one that is characterized by

The Ethical Implications from Marketing Cigarettes to Young People in Essay

The Ethical Implications from Marketing Cigarettes to Young People in African Countries - Essay Example The paper tells that marketers have often been critiqued for using selective marketing strategies aimed at targeting a vulnerable group. The criticism is even worse when the product being sold is harmful to the society. Other than the inordinate criticism, little has been done to deter such practices. Cigarette related harms have raised global concerns over the recent past. Although cigarette smoking and addiction have reduced in some parts of the word, the problem remains rampant in developing world such as in Africa. Majority of people in developed countries are informed on the negative health effects of addictive smoking cigarettes. Additionally, governments in most developed countries have enacted laws to prohibit marketing strategies that may result in sale of cigarettes to young people particularly children. However, most third world countries such as in Africa have no laws to prevent sale of cigarettes to young people. Cigarettes products generate a lot of revenue and third wo rld countries often allow reckless importation and marketing of cigarettes. In most third world countries, the importation as well as market of cigarettes is legal and there are no laws prohibiting sale of cigarettes to young people. This raises the ethical question regarding sale of products such as cigarettes, which cause health problems, addiction, and death. In recent years there have been considerable concerns concerning marketing of products considered harmful to humans. Following reduction of consumption of tobacco products such as cigarettes in developed world, tobacco firms are now targeting the young people in Africa. In the attempt to attract these young people, the companies have been adjusting their marketing strategies to ensure that they entice young people to use tobacco products. One strategy that the companies use includes selling of cigarettes as single stakes. This is attractive to the young people from the poor African countries who cannot afford to buy the prod uct in packets. It is appropriate to use attractive strategies in marketing to attract customers. However, this should not be the case if the marketer is aware of negative implications associated with use of a product. Moreover, targeting a vulnerable group is even more unethical. In case of British American Tobacco, there has been cases where children as young as 11 years have been involved in both smoking and selling of cigarettes, Free Markets and Marketing Marketing is an essential component for the success of any business. Companies have marketing strategies that go beyond advertisements. The marketing policies entail identifying the target market for a given product and applying market strategies likely to entice the particular market. Therefore, marketing strategies are designed to ensure that the advertisement is received and understood by the target market. However, companies are required to be responsible in the way they convey their message. This should be through use of marketing policies that are truthful and reflect ethical standards. Although the main aim of most companies is to maximize on profits, the public is increasingly demanding that companies act responsibly and ethically in their activities. In marketing, ethical issues take different forms. They include the advertisement or promotion methods used in marketing a product.

Presentation and Supplementary Report Assignment

Presentation and Supplementary Report - Assignment Example Organizations have to bear the high initial cost of acquiring and running the operations, but innovative developments in technology is shortening the life span of the previous one. This is leading the organizations to re-invest in current technology, and increasing the cost to the company. Apart from this, if today’s environment is considered, then the likes and dislikes of customers are also changing frequently. The fast altering opinions, lifestyle, and preferences pose a challenge for the manufacturing business organizations, as they cannot exactly estimate the preferences of their target customer group. Further, generation gaps in the society have also made it difficult for the marketers to determine the consumer behaviour. Companies are investing heavily on analyzing consumer behaviour, so as to determine the appropriate way of satisfying the needs of the customers. Business organizations are facing a two sided challenge, in which the first side is consumer preference and behaviour, on the other side is the cut throat competition in the market. The recession is certainly squeezing the spending of the consumers and the market of the companies. Countries like UK, USA slipped into deep credit crunch, which also led its companies both in public and private sector into the economic slowdown. This also indicates that the challenges faced by the organizations in the past are different from those faced now. The world is changing rapidly and the organizations are facing challenges like intense competition, rigorous ethical inspection, globalization, digitalized workplace, requirement for fast response, and increasing level of diversity. These mentioned challenges which are affecting the business organization are further affecting the society at large. Managers in organisations measure marketing performances for evaluating and analysing effectiveness and efficiency of the business. This can be accomplished by concentrating on the

Esssy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Esssy - Essay Example When they do, the organization then can evaluate where they are now in terms of that purpose and where they expect to be in the future. The International Federation of University Women deems organizational purpose essential that they have created a thirty-minute module for each member to comply with. This module focuses on making members assess who they are, what they desire to do, and with whom they intend to do these things together. The members are reminded of their purpose that IFUW is a non-profit, non-governmental organization of women graduates committed to empowering women and girls through education to reach their full potential throughout their life span. After answering a questionnaire, the members are asked to gather in a small group to discuss their answers openly. This strategy is used to help members develop a common understanding of the organization’s purpose and to clarify any misinterpretations about it. Disoptimization can be best understood in terms of optimization and that means being able to make full use of a tool or program to the best potentials it has and can offer. This translates to the optimum performance of a program or policy. For example, Benini et al. in the study of policy optimization for a dynamic power management suggests that â€Å"the main function of a power management policy is to decide when to perform component state transitions and which transition should be performed, depending on system history, workload, and performance constraints†. The paper proposes power management policies that are of a finite-state so that the power consumption of complex computer systems can be reduced by exchanging performance for power in a controlled manner. On the other hand, disoptimization may mean that all options for the good of the organization as well as the good of the general public is ignored. One good example would be that of the European Transmission System Operators (TSO). TSOs are the ones who make trade

Movie Indusrty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Movie Indusrty - Research Paper Example Indeed, The Economist (2010) noted that the industry â€Å"churns out about 50 full-length features a week, making it the world’s second most prolific film industry after India’s Bollywood.† In fact, the Hala Gorani reported that the industry was starting to catch up with Hollywood (Inside Africa, 2004). While the industry may be the most prolific, the quality of the movies is incomparable to the quality Hollywood produces. Jeff Koinange, reporting on location during a movie set, quipped that the â€Å"movie set hardly stands up to its wealthier and distant cousin (Inside Africa, 2004). In this regard, the distant and wealthy cousin is Hollywood, which indicates that Nollywoods budget is one of the cheapest used to shoot a movie. Furthermore, Koinange noted, â€Å"The props are cheap, the setup amateur, and the paychecks laughable† (Inside Africa, 2004). In conclusion, Nigeria’s movie industry has become one of the most productive in the world and especially in Africa. With the movies playing in clubs, restaurants, and in various other African settings, most Africans identify with the themes in the movies and effectively making the industry famous. In addition, it is evident that the industry employs mane Nigerians directly during production and indirectly during the sale of the movie. Nevertheless, the industry has gained fame, and it might catch up with Hollywood one

Marketing communications proposal for P&O Ferries Essay

Marketing communications proposal for P&O Ferries - Essay Example P & O Ferries is a company that focuses its interests on customer comfort. One can rely on this firm for all their travelling and all vacation needs. This is because they understand how significant a holiday is to the customer. It has stable brands that are quite effective that would not fail their customers. Finally, they are capable of providing family holidays valuably. The organisation is also flexible, they use different routes and go to different destinations; their goods and services are worthy trusting in. It is necessary to take a ferry trip for holiday, relaxation, shopping, refreshments and also partying (Hackley 2005). Nowadays there have been many interruptions in air transport, increased insecurity, discomfort, inconveniences and many other problems. This is the reason why ferries have been introduced for convenience and cheap transport to ones destination. The main challenge though is dealing with the negative views people have on ferries. People have the belief that f erries are slow, uncomfortable and are more risky incase breakdowns in the middle of the ocean. P & O Ferries caters for ones travelling, vacations and holiday needs by providing efficient transport facilities that are reliable and customer friendly. As a company, it understands the importance of holiday to its customers, providing its customers with value for their money and it is a stable brand which is reliable (Hackley 2005). The main objectives of the report will be to develop a tourist creative idea aiming at non-ferry users to increase their awareness about P&O Ferries as an effective and credible alternative method of travel which is less costly than the air travel. This will encourage many more people to opt to use ferries when travelling instead of using other costly means. The target audience will include non-ferry customers in Europe taking into account that Europeans travel mostly during spring and summer. To add to that our target will also include customers who want to take their cars with them when travelling. This is because ferries allow one to travel with the car as they are huge enough to accommodate cars and do not charge exorbitantly. Our target audience would also include customers who have become fed up with the inconveniences by air transport and also the restriction of bags and other luggage (Fill 2006). There will be no restriction on the amount of personal luggage one would want to travel with as long as they can afford to pay the fee. The company's other target audience will include people who take holiday travel as being too expensive. A ferry provides a very cost efficient and effective alternative. Finally, the target audience would include customers who seek security, trustworthiness and established ferries. The competition will i nclude other ferries and the cheaply charging flights (Smith & Taylor 2000). About tools, media, recommendations and justification, we are going to use different marketing strategies to sell our idea to our target audiences and esteemed customers. The strategies will include among others, advertising where the organization will go to the media and buy a space for a publication of their products and services; the more the space taken,

Change Management Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Change Management Paper - Essay Example He came in as a tough and very aggressive manager, always demanding results from employees across all company outlets. This new approach to leadership faced initial resistance by some outlet managers who stuck to old style of business operations. His concerted efforts, together with his likeminded team, helped turn around company operations while at the same time maintaining its traditional appeal (Roush, 1999, p. 171)1. Images of Managing Change Capacity building and trainings are conducted across all management levels to keep its employees up to date with requisite skills. These are necessary in positioning the company as a leader in provision of consumer responsive business solutions. These forums changed employee attitude towards work by adopting performance based approach to management. The overall benefit associated with this culture change is increasing sales volumes. The company is introducing policy papers and action plans for instance; it implemented a Strategic, Operating and Resource Planning (SOAR) program that completely overhauled its internal environment. This improved its daily business practice and human resource management to become a store with efficient processes which improved accountability and transparency. Home Depot opened its doors for clients to engage productively in shaping organisation culture, and is now more responsive to consumer needs (Cummings & Worley, 2009, p. 14)2. Such programs give employees the much needed motivation, shifting their approach to target keeping in line with company vision, and ensuring set goals are actualised. The SOAR action plan determines resource allocation, and ensures expansion plans are done according to projected growth forecasts in individual outlets. The company appreciates sales as an important department, and this informs changes in human resource management planning to focus on capacity building and training. These initiatives improve employee performance to scale up sales in an increasingly competitive business environment. It holds an annual meeting which assesses human resource needs, and then relevant changes are made to come up with a cohesive workforce. Environmental Changes That Drove Culture Change at Home Depot Advances in technology provide management with tools that has significantly improved internal communications infrastructure. Nardelli introduced a two hour conference call every Monday where outlet managers update him on weekly activities and closing financial reports. This changed the hands off approach which restricted coordination of activities between the two managerial levels. In the meeting, they set weekly targets in their respective lines of duty, and make decisions that improve business environment in both short and long term. This Monday meeting is conducted via video conferencing and is a great contribution to improved synergy witnessed in the management (Marcus, Blank & Andelman, 1999, p.135)3. Employee empowerment strategy gave them power t o set their performance targets, and top management helped in giving the right environment to ensure the set goals are met. For instance, they channel funds for expansion strategies and product diversification to stores with realistic growth forecasts. Employee attitude towards work is completely overhauled, and this makes them be part of the change process. Signs and Reasons for Resistance to Change at the Depot Slightly