Power and Communication Essay Example for Free

Power and Communication EssayLanguage variation has been prevalent in society for thousands of years. This has been something that happens in every civilization and leave not stop now. Language discrimination is unfair treatment of an individual by the way that they compose themselves in a verbal matter. What I think about by this is to treat some nonpareil unjust because of factors such as accents, vocabulary size, or just that they speak a unalike language. This happens a lot to tourists who take upt know how to speak proper incline in the United States. I keep lived in the United States my whole life and I go for witnessed multiple accounts of this.There are multiple situations in which language discrimination occurs. Situations include work, school, vacation spots, and in the general public. The workplace is supposed to be bleak of any type of discrimination but it is not. People are discriminated against if they speak different or crimson remotely act differently than what we experience inner(a) the walls of our community. School kids are picked on by other kids if they are a different nationality, this being because they speak different languages and are trying to learn the English language. Tourists on vacation trying to enjoy their stay are constantly pressed with the fact that next to nobody around them knows their native language providing a barrier of communication. The general public tends to look down on a person if they fall in a speech impediment or an accent even if they are still natives of the United States. They are made to look like tourists in a nation of their own.Some examples of language discrimination I have observed come mainly within my own community. I have witnessed people from work picking on other individuals because they are a different nationality such as Hispanic. Some Hispanics are American-Hispanic being born in the United States. They are typically not discriminated against like the full blood Hispanics are. Thisis because they have not grown up in such a culture before and are trying to adapt. The same thing would happen to me if I was traveling to a different country. I would be looked at as an outsider as soon as I open my mouth.There are many identity labels that contribute to discrimination. Labels such as Working class or Black are just a few of them. These are a organize of discrimination in themself. Labels are a way to identify someone in the wrong way. They may be working class but may not want to be considered as that. They may want to be known as rich or powerful. Or may mystify it an insult because they have to work to make a living. Black is also a common term used to identify some African-Americans. This is discrimination because one individual is not better than the next. This may be degrading to anyone who is classified under any sort of label.I do not believe that discrimination in communication is ethical because I feel as if it is a nonverbal or verbal form of a buse. It can be degrading at times and can cause a person to be uncomfortable in their own community. Regardless if I agree with discrimination or not, it pass on still continue to happen even long after Im gone.

Language And Communication Development

Language And dialogue DevelopmentInitially, this essay illustrates the importance of carry by describing its categories. Play theories argon briefly demonstrated and carve up into undefiled and contemporary ones. Thereafter, it mentions the characteristics of dustup through the theories of two highly respected scientists, Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget, in order to understand the correlation amongst dustup and shape drilling. It also illustrates the constituteence of nine basic communication skills and why non-verbal and verbal communication is so primal. Moreover, this essay analyzes research which apologises the direct relation between mould, address and communication. Through detailed references, the idea that the role of play is salient in a childs development is supported. Next it illustrates the importance of finger, mime and rhyme play to explain that even the most common games give a significant role in linguistic communication and communication development. L ast but not least, it analyzes how play reinforces the literacy development and finally demonstrates the opinion of the writer.The Importance of PlayArguably, play is a vital part of childrens development which has umpteen implications in their lives. Despite the difficulty of referring to a usually accepted definition, play is a vital part of the developing child (Sheridan Howard Aldelson, 2011). It is a fundamental action which occurs throughout childrens lives and is divided into two categories, free play and incorporate play. To be exact, free play is an action where the child can choose the rules and the form of play, without the participation and the guidement of an adult. Hence, the child becomes the leader of play (Tassoni Hucker, 2000).Moreover, many researchers put up claimed that free play offers much educational opportunities to children. Whereas structured play is defined as an action which is directed by adults and limits childrens learning probables. Adults be protagonists and possess a primary role in this type of play. For this reason, Thomas, Howard and Miles prove by a study they conducted, that free play, in other terminology playful manner play, is capable of fostering childrens ability to learn. They state that through this mode childrens communication is benefited, beca practice session playfulness creates the ability to nurture various types of behaviors. As a result, educational settings use the playful method to foster childrens wording and communication development (McInnes Howard Miles Crowley, 2009).It is of importance to mention that there are play theories which are separated into two categories, classical and modern theories of play. In particular, classical theories consist of the Surplus Energy Theory, Recreational or Relaxation Theory, Pre-exercise Theory and the Recapitulation Theory of play (Sheridan Howard Aldelson, 2011 Stagnitti, 2004 Tassoni Hucker, 2000). Modern theories think by the Arousal Mo dulation Theories of Play, the Psychodynamic Theories of Play, the Cognitive Developmental Theories of Play and the Sociocultural theories of Play. The last category is divided into two sub-categories which are the Play as enculturation and the Metacommunicative Theory (Stagnitti, 2004). Moreover, there are quin types of play, which are cited as physical play, play with objects, symbolic play, socio-dramatic/pretence play and games with rules (Whitebread, 2012).The preceding(prenominal) five types of play foster children to expand their abilities not only in the language and communication domain, but also in the physical, cognitive, social and emotional domain (Sheridan Howard Aldelson, 2011). According to the constant organic evolution of language and communication, play and its benefits in this domain must be analyzed in depth, in order to evaluate childrens developmental potentials through play.Language and CommunicationLanguage is a strong communication instrument (Moyles , 1989) which fosters childrens abilities. Through language we can live the past again, evaluate the future and use this vital creature when we face multifactorial situations (Crain, 2000). Also, many developmental theorists have tried to explain, how children adopt primal abilities as they grow up and some of them, have given limited emphasis to the language and communication development and how it is related to play. They have evaluated childrens development from birth to adulthood.Vygotsky, who was characterized as the Mozart of Psychology (Gray MacBlain, 2012, p.85), claimed in his social constructivism theory, that language is the cultural tool which facilitates the processes of thinking and learning. It was his firm belief that children must comprehend language, in order to interact in the society. Hence, according to Vygotsky, play and language are interrelated (Moyles, 2005). imputable to the fact that through play children master communication skills, they interpret the use of objects and imitate the attitudes and the habits of adults (Gray MacBlain, 2012). In addition, he stated that children gain knowledge when they participate in social communication and consequently, they adopt new nitty-grittys. Therefore, according to Vygotsky, children act in the zone of proximal development (Whitebread, 1996), which substance that every child has limited potential when accomplishing an activity but he can expand his skills with suitable help (Lindon, 2001).However, another respected scientist Piaget did not lay emphasis, as Vygotsky did, on the importance of language during childrens development. Piaget stated that language mechanism is used by the young child only to express some basic satisfactions and not to foster more complex functions such as thought and logic (Gray MacBlain, 2012). Furthermore, Piagets opinions did not promote childrens abilities instead he undervalued them, by applying activities that were too complex for children competence (W hitebread, 1996). On the contrary, some scientists get by that childrens thought, starts to function logically as they learn how to use language. This happens because language skills are difficult for children to assimilate, but when this gradually occurs, logic develops (Crain, 2000). Nevertheless, Piaget did not support the above purpose by mentioning that logic derives from actions (Gray MacBlain, 2012).On the grounds that language is an integral part of communication, it is important to pinpoint some of the skills that children develop in this domain. In other linguistic process there are nine basic communication skills.Initially, children learn to request reinforcement, to request assistance, to accept and reject offers. Furthermore, they move to the order wait or no, they respond to directions, follow a schedule and finally they are able to make a transition from one place to another (Frost Bondy, 2002). For instance, when children pretend to be a patient in a hospital, they learn when they have to wait their turn in order to be examined by the doctor and they give orders such as wait, stay, come.Communication is a complex function. Before the emergence of words, children can communicate adequately before adopting language production and language comprehension (Sheridan Sharma Cockerill, 2008). The above candidate describes the non-verbal communication type which is very important. Newborn babies communicate non-verbally to express their needs. Facial expressions, consistence language, proto-sounds and perception of come upings are the attributes of non-verbal communication (Whitehead, 1999).Hence, adults start to communicate with children initially non-verbally and last verbally. Research proves that conversation between children and adults which contains a large number of open questions is essential because children have the opportunity to respond to spoken language. In other words, when children feel that they are active participants in an adult-child conversation, they feel playful which is salient for the development of language (Howard McInnes, forthcoming).Fostering Language and Communication Skills through PlayTo begin with, studies have proved that there is a strong connection between language and play. A research which was conducted in Japan in 1989, showed remarkable signs that play and language are strongly correlated. Specifically, the four children who participated in this research were observed twenty times each in a free play mode, where the adults had a supine role. The intention of the study was to analyze early language development and play development (Ogura, 1991). Thus, six features of language were illustrated in order to analyze the findings better. These were the emergence of eldest words, naming words, vocabulary spurts, word-chains, nonproductive two word utterances and the emergence of productive two-word utterances (Ogura, 1991 p.278). Furthermore, this research divided play into thirteen subcategories. The findings showed that children managed to obtain the ability of naming words because they had been involved in preverbal communication. Also, children began to name objects when the conventional naming act category of play appeared. Furthermore, words and sounds have a strong relationship with each other. It was proved that children through the functional relational manipulation play and the container relational manipulation play, managed to adopt the above important function and the production of first words as well. Moreover, it was stated that early language development is related to subsitutional play. Also, this study illustrated that the environment plays a major role in the development of symbolic play. As a result, language is influenced by social interaction. Moreover, childrens vocabulary spurts appeared in subsitutional play. Word-chains appeared when pretend doll play, subsitutional play and pretend other play took place during the observations. In add ition, the fifth language category appeared with planned play and combinatorial symbolic play. The last language category was related to planned play (Ogura, 1991). Undoubtedly, this paper shows the unique interrelation between language development and play.Researchers evaluated the connection between symbolic play with play materials and symbolic play with play situation. Firstly, during childrens play with unstructured play materials, they found that children who are at the age of three to four could imitate the activities of adults. However, in structured play children were able not only to imitate but also to engage slightly in role play. At the age of four to five childrens unstructured play evolved and they started to express questions and ideas with the mediate tool of spoken language. On the contrary, in structured play they used more conversation. This study showed that in the first type of play children at the age of five to six used their body language and voice to clarif y a situation. Also, both in structured and unstructured play, children preferred to play in groups of their own gender. We can notice that structured materials are better for younger children because they do not put limitations on their ideas while playing. In other words, younger children need to enhance their expressive ideas by playing with structured play materials to be adequately prepared for school (Umek Musek, 2001).At the same time, symbolic play related to play situation showed that phonic imitation (Umek Musek, 2001, p.61) is promoted and that at the age of four children use social speech. Moreover, they use social markers, in order to speak like adults (Ervin-Tripp, 1973). Later, at the age of five children use metacommunication in their play. Metacommunication is very important because children can discuss play. They stop in order to negotiate the next step of the game. Indeed, it promotes dialogue among peers. It is very important because it can be used as scaffold ing to childrens language development (Andersen, 2005). According to this study, metacommunication levels are higher when children are older. Moreover, the same study proposes that it is better and more helpful for children to play in mixed groups rather than in groups with members of their own age. Hence, children can play in the zone of proximal development. Therefore, they foster their language and communication skills. Again, this study shows us that play which is dependent on materials or situation is correlated with language development.Apart from the above studies there are play activities which enhance language and communication skills. For instance, children are benefited by mime because they develop an alternative thought. This occurs by observing various children demonstrating their thoughts. Consequently, they can think of more complex situations and they are able to express their ideas with enriched vocabulary. Furthermore, finger play helps children with the counting p rocess (Woodard Milch, 2012). Moreover, rhymes can provide many opportunities for children to enhance their language skills. According to a study, rhyme cognizance helps children to recognize phonemes which are very important for reading skills. The sensitivity to rhyme enables children to group words together with the same spelling features (Bryant MacLean Bradley Crossland, 1990).Play Fosters LiteracyVygotsky evaluated the role of create play in childrens development and he argued that literacy is enhanced by play. He describes that children initially act spontaneously when they play, and the process of learning happens with their will. On the contrary, when children go to school they must change their behaviors to a planned and a structured environment. Vygotsky stated that make-believe play is the important mediate tool for children to adopt written language and to succeed in school (Roskos Christie, 2007).Furthermore, drawing is considered to be a necessary play for chil dren. Research has shown that children can expand their graphic vocabularies and they can represent their meanings, which means that through drawing communication is enhanced (Whitebread, 2012). Besides, Vygotskys research has shown that drawings in early childhood are connected with the ability of writing and spoken language, which means that the meaning of childrens drawings is not only the drawing as a picture but the drawing as an expressive tool of their thoughts (Roskos Christie, 2007).In conclusion, it is worth mentioning, that in childrens play the repetition and the renaming of play materials fosters the ability of the direct relation between words and the objects they portray. The above function is called metalinguistic awareness and it has been proved that it is necessary for written language (Roskos Christie, 2007 p.193).ConclusionsIt is clear, therefore, that the above essay illustrates the direct correlation between play, language and communication. Despite the fact that it has been proved that play fosters the learning process, there are still opponents of this view, who state that dinner gown learning strategies are better than playful approaches. However, this essay contradicts the notion of formal learning methods by supporting the theory, that play does enhance language and communication by citing adequate bibliography to prove it. Children can reach high standards in the learning process of language because during play they are motivated and are not feature by the feeling of fear (McInnes et al., 2009).To sum up, due to the fact that play has been decreased in school settings, it is salient to ensure that play must exist in preschool and in the first school years of a child, because a child is always above his average age, above his daily behavior in play it is as though he were a head taller than himself (Roskos Christie, 2007, p.199).

Impacts Of The World Wide Web Media Essay

meets Of The World Wide Web Media Es conjectureCommonly known as WWW, the World Wide Web, as the name suggests, is a enormous wireless interlinked connection that is supported by a serial publication of URL links, and which has made the foundation to perplex a global village as the earthy adage goes. This is because it has come with much(prenominal) a smashing and felt impact that has revolutionalized intercourse, business, travel, networking, not forgetting fondizing. Introduction into the WWW technology began way back in centuries gone, but the impacts, advantages and disadvantages that came with it ar now greatly felt in this day and age of the twenty first century. WWW is universally referred to as online, wireless converse, or as a majority of plenty would say- the internet. However, it is important to note that there is a big difference between internet and WWW. While internet is a volumed system of interconnected computer networks linked by the Protocol Suite an d is what supports the use of World Wide Web, the WWW is a pendent factor that relies on the availability of internet to transmit in manakination (James and Cailliau 2000 p. 27).Some of the impacts that World Wide Web has had so far especi tout ensembley in discourse include hie up of instant messaging, facilitation of internet forums, social networking online, b put down, online shopping and e-business has also been boosted in terms of marketing and advertisements. Specific in ally, on the study of parleys, the World Wide Web has contend a signifi chiffoniert role in creating a channel in which people can do online research, get reviews on what the technology users have to say roughly the innovation and establish any existing loopholes in online conversation and how they can be bridged. The World Wide Web provides information that creators and innovators of colloquy bring can make use of in the quest to provide cheap, effective, reliable and state-of-the-art gadgets for c ommunication purposes. unmatched of the most world-wide felt impacts of WWW on communication is rapid instant communication that affects almost every otherwise aspect of life be it social, economic, political or educational. Rapid instant communication implies that communication is no longer one way. It is no longer necessary to wait for days on end for a reply on some step up from a murderer of your message, but on the other hand, communication between sender and receiver of the message has changed from being receiver oriented to both receiver and sender oriented. How is this possible? This question shall form the basis of the study and feedback projected in this paper (Wendy, 2010 p.46).Rapid instant communicationAccording to Samuel in his leger Clarifying McLuhan an assessment of process and product, rapid instant communication implies a one-on-one setting in sending and receiving of messages. In other words, it refers to a placement whereby communicators no longer have to wait for a long period of time in order for their message to be replied to by the receiver of the message. This thereof gist that a person in one uncorrupted can easily communicate with another in a totally different continent as though they were communicating face to face. This has been made possible by services desire chat, face book and emailing. Such connections make it possible for people the world over to relate and form forums in which they can even hold discussions on diversified issues which are happening way far outside(a) from where they are located. With use of facilities like the web camera, it is even possible to see someone with whom you are communicating on your computer while they are on the other side of the world (Arthur, 1995 p. 28).This kind of communication is what has rapidly converted the world into a small village whereas in years gone such was just now a dream for many innovators. in that respect is now improved rapid communication in various sector s and this is supported by an old hypothesis proposed by one Marshall McLuhan. His theory, titled Technological determinism, put forth that the changes that occur in the ways in which human beings communicate go a long way in determining the course our existence takes. The proponent of the theory feels that culture is highly dependent on the way in which we are able to communicate as human beings. This in other words is to say that innovations in communication cause a cultural drift. Secondly, changes in communication methods and modes shape human life. Media, as the greatest channel of communication, is considered as anything that affects human ability to communicate (Samuel and McLuhan 1967 p. 37).Consequently, it goes without saying that innovations that affect media as a channel of communication also affect human culture and communication. He looks at the transformation of communication from mere word of mouth, to literate age that could read and write to target media and even tually to the electronic age where order of magnitude is at now.Today, people tend to deliberate printed information or that which they can collect from the web pages, more than they believe in information passed through the word of mouth. The theory also proposes that for any information to be accepted or rejected, it must undergo a series of stages which are awareness creation, persuasion or evaluation, decision making on whether to accept the information and lastly confirmation. These processes take a shorter time depending on the means of communication that are being used, meaning that word of mouth communication would take a relatively longer period to pass through all these stages than information posted through the web pages. This goes on to explain what happens to ideas suggested to one community from another, and how their evaluation and final acceptance or rejection ends up shaping the culture, determine and beliefs of the recipient community. According to McLuhan, indi viduality has been removed from culture and instead, what matters today to society is the method of communication that is deemed important for communication as that will be what society will flow with (Arthur, 1995 p.34).Impact of World Wide Web on BusinessesAs explained above, the greatest impact of WWW is the speeding up of communication. How then does this form of communication impart of businesses? The most important thing about WWW is that it has enabled businesses and organizations to establish a presence. Businesses that want to explore great heights and to establish themselves the world over can only ignore the importance of the World Wide Web at their own peril. Creation of websites in which firms can market themselves is dependent on the WWW linkage. With the creation of a website, a company can rest assured that its services and functions can easily be read about any time of day seven days a week. Another impact is that the World Wide Web has made it possible for organiza tions working in the same line of industry to network, form partnerships and learn from each other all through the web (Stanley and Dennis 2008 p.37).This is also true for netting of potential clients, suppliers, donors and other stakeholders. Use of the World Wide Web has become a very easy way of passing business cards and maintaining contacts with clients. Needless to say, a website can be used as an additional source of income. This is possible by making your website an online sales point in the sense that visitors to the website can order and bargain for your services online and pay through their credit cards without necessarily visiting your stores physically ( Stevenson, 1995 p.54).One more result that can be associated with instant communication as a result of the World Wide Web is the fact that it I now possible to have employees placed outside the office sphere of influence and still have business going on as usual. This is because through the firms website, information can be passed to and from the employees consistently and from anywhere (Stanley and Dennis 2008 p. 89)Impact of World Wide Web on Social NetworkingIt is not a new thing for many people that with social networking websites and electronic mail communication websites like twitter and yahoo mail respectively have played a great role in bring people together in terms of spontaneous and rapid communication. It is possible to chat with friends online and even date with the intentions of getting married, all by logging into some special websites that offer such services. On this social networking websites its not only about making friends but also about keeping in touch with various other happenings around the world. One can get the latest news, download the latest music and movies and younger people and children can play online games or download them. In addition to socializing, it has now become very possible to get political views and stay informed on the most current news around the wor ld, all by staying connected to the relevant websites. For ideal, a person in America is now very able to track lets say for example the election results of a country in Asia as it happens, all of which ahs been made possible by the World Wide Web (Arthur, 1995 p. 43).Today, people cannot imagine themselves without logging into websites to check the latest mails, breaking news, weather reports and even to shop for holidays online, all because of the WWW technology. The Web cannot be traced, it cannot be pinpointed, all because it is growing by the day. Its branch and expansion is a gradual process that is ongoing, and which is not likely to stop any time soon (Ramesh, 2004 p. 78).Negative impacts of World Wide WebThere is much that can be said about the impacts of World Wide Web, and especially about the positive impacts, but we cannot just afford to overlook the interdict impacts associated with the same. One of the major negative impacts associated with World Wide Web is that s ome people are now creating websites that contain misleading, addictive and false information, which when it falls in the hands of unsuspecting information users, may end up damaging their outlook in life (Ahuja and Shakti 1978 p. 23).Just to give an example, an article published online and write by one Allen Alberson says that there are a number of websites that have been created with the intention of providing suicidal persons with information on how to go about killing themselves. This website as actually helped take away the lives of quite a number of youngsters who were feeling suicidal at the time they took away their lives after reading trough these websites. more than information can be found here http//www.helium.com/items/1223307-suicide-chat-rooms .Much more can be said about the negative impacts of WWW but just to mention a few is that the World Wide Web is addictive and many people find themselves spending much of their time on social websites instead of doing other m ore constructive things. One more thing that is happening is that more and more people now tend to make decisions ground on technological advance. In other words, decisions are based on the outcome of a result given by a computer, more than common knowledge. For example, it is not uncommon to hear that an organization is not giving a certain service to clients at a given time, simply because the systems are down. One is left to wonder how clients used to be served before the innovation of websites and online services (Allen, 2010 p.1).ConclusionFrom the findings above, it is evident that the World Wide Web has played a great role in changing communication from analogue to digital and this has revolutionalized the world in so may aspects. The network society, as it has popularly come to be known as, now need to take control of the advancing technology so that it can be able to organize itself on the basis of what people of various diversities share in common in a non-hierarchal mann er. The World Wide Web is an avenue through which the public and the private can be merged together for better cohesion. Just to site an example, the revelation of the affair between the former US President Bill Clinton with Monica Lewinsky came out in a big way to influence how he would perform in politics after that. Since technology has no ethical or moral restraints, it has in itself become all important for such happenings that would otherwise have remained unknown. It can thus be said with such finality that such new communication technologies like the World Wide Web will continue to make people feel more connected and to help them mainstream aspects of life such as politics, socializing, employment and well as entertainment (Stevenson, 1995 p. 38).